Secure attachment and how you can foster it with your child

Secure attachment is one type of attachment pattern between a child and a parent. In the 1930s, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby shared a pioneering theory that children need to form a secure attachment with at least one primary caregiver (although often children form attachments with both parents) to develop socially and emotionally. Secure attachments form a stable ‘base’ from which your child can venture into the wider world and gain independence. While secure attachment is the ideal relationship pattern between parent and child, it’s not the only one that can form as a result of parental actions.

The 4 types of attachment

According to attachment theory, there are 4 key types of attachment. These types are formed by categorising the quality of caregiving alongside an infants’ strategy to deal with distress.

Secure attachment

Secure attachment is when a caregiver responds to an infant’s distress in a loving manner. For example, if your little one is crying, you might pick them up and reassure them. This style of attachment teaches your child to feel secure in expressing negative emotions because they know you’re at hand to comfort them.

Insecure-avoidant attachment

Insecure-avoidant attachment occurs when a caregiver responds to an infant’s distress by rejecting it – often in the form of anger, or by ignoring it. Such responses condition the child to minimise negative expressions of emotion in the presence of their caregiver.

Insecure-resistant attachment

Insecure-resistant attachment happens when a caregiver responds to an infant’s distress in an unpredictable or inconsistent manner. This may manifest in the caregiver being overwhelmed by their child’s reactions and inadvertently amplifying the child’s discomfort. 

Insecure-disorganised attachment

Finally, atypical behaviours by caregivers, like being frightened or frightening the child when the child seeks protection or reassurance, can result in an infant forming an insecure-disorganised attachment. Signs of this attachment style can include showing fear towards the caregiver, actively turning away from the caregiver, avoiding eye contact, screaming or making noises monotonously, and abruptly disrupting careseeking (like going in for a cuddle then suddenly changing behaviour).

How do I foster secure attachment with my child?

A secure attachment means that you’re on-hand to help your little one when they’re upset or stressed. This reassures your child that when things are tough for them, they’ll have a reliable figure to help them through the situation. Research has indicated that even at this young age, the way you respond to these challenges can help to shape your child’s self-confidence, resilience and ability to form social relationships in later life.

Interpreting your child’s pre-language cues goes a long way to forming a secure attachment. Pay attention to the way your little one is communicating non-verbally via eye contact and gestures. Talk to your baby in a soothing voice and encourage skin-to-skin touch – you could also try baby massage. For toddlers, it can be even more challenging, but it’s important for the caregiver to maintain their role as stable, committed and supportive. Extensive research shows that a child’s security in their relationship actually helps them grow autonomy.

Finally, strive to be present in the moment when parenting and be realistic in the expectations you place on both your child and yourself. Try not to worry too much about the details. Know that if you are providing love, nourishment and comfort for your child, a positive attachment has every chance of developing.